Author: chris

Paper details:
you have to use the annotated bibliography sources i did to do this paper it ,Research-based Argument essay (2,500 words minimum) Must conform to APA manuscript and citation guidelines.
An argument aimed at persuading a specific, target audience to action (See Chapter 10) must be made.
Refer to Concept Close-Up: Audience Analysis, Key Questions for Preparing to Write : What do you want your readers to do?
Who are your readers? Describe them as specifically as you can.
What about them will be relevant to your argument? Consider age, religion, income bracket, occupation, political orientation, education, and gender.
Reader awareness is important. How much will they know about the problem, question, or issue you intend to address? What is their likely attitude?
Why do you care about this topic? What makes you a credible writer on behalf of your position?
What is the best reason you can give your readers for doing what you want them to do? State it as a sentence. Do you have a second reason in mind?
What additional ideas do you have for appealing to your readers? What values an beliefs can you appeal to?
What sources have you found to support your argument? What additional material might you need?
and Revision Checklist for Appealing for Action (p. 257) as you work on this essay.
At least 8 scholarly sources (i.e. academic peer reviewed journal articles, books, etc.) must be used as evidence to support the claim made in your essay.
If necessary, you are permitted to use non-scholarly sources in this essay; however, these types of sources (i.e. internet sources found through web searches, popular periodicals, videos, etc.) do not count towards the minimim requirement of 8 scholarly sources.
Material from scholarly sources should be summarized/paraphrased and directly quoted in the short research-based argument essay.
Remember, always keep the author and year of publication side by side in APA style writing; make sure your signal verbs are in the correct tense.
Use the APA Basics handout to help you integrate your source material accurately.
Comments from Support Team:
Fee: $50

This essay assignment (3-4 pages) encourages you to consider factors that may affect your experience of aging. You will write an essay that answers the question: What kind of 85-year old do you want to be? You will be using material from class lectures and the textbook. This exercise assesses critical thinking, inquiry-based learning, and inter-relations among disciplines. The essay require to use three of theis five factors (physically, social, psychological, culture/ethinc, economic and environmental). You might also wish to consider an individual who might serve as your role model-positive or negative- as you ponder this self portrait. Please consider using the chapters (1 to 17) of this book as a source to support the paper: Hooyman, N. R., & Kiyak, H. A. (2010). Social Gerontology, (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN-10: 0-205-76835-0 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-76313-9. you can add more sources as long as you site them (no wikipedia please). thank you
Comments from Support Team: Discipline: Introduction to Gerontology

Paper details:
Deep-Ocean Circulation Lab Activity

In this activity, you will experiment with the salinity and temperature of water to observe the effect they have on water density

Part A: Introduction

Before completing the lab, please read over Chapter 15 of the textbook.

Ocean circulation has two primary components: surface ocean currents and deep-ocean circulation. While surface currents such as the famous Gulf Stream are driven primarily by the prevailing winds, deep-ocean circulation is largely the result of differences in ocean water density (the ratio of mass to volume). A density current is the movement of one body of water over, under or through another caused by density differences and gravity. High-density seawater sinks below low-density seawater.

The most important factors in creating these density differences are variations in salinity and temperature. High-salinity water is more dense than lower-salinity water. Cold water is more dense than warm water.

Salinity is the amount of dissolved solid material in water, expressed as parts per thousand parts of water. The symbol for parts per thousand is 0/00. Although there are many dissolved salts in seawater, sodium chloride (table salt) is the most abundant.

The main control of the salinity of seawater is the removal or addition of fresh water. When water is removed, such as by evaporation or freezing, any dissolved salts are left behind and the salinity of the remaining water is increased. Alternatively, when fresh water is added to seawater, the seawater is diluted and salinity is lowered. So:
• In regions where evaporation is high (very hot or dry areas) or where seawater freezes (at high latitudes), fresh water is removed, particularly near the surface of the ocean, and salinity is increased.
• In areas of high precipitation or influx of fresh water (such as near the mouth of a river), the additional fresh water dilutes seawater and lowers the salinity.

The factors that determine the concentration of salts in seawater are not constant from the equator to the poles, or with depth in the ocean, so the salinity of seawater also varies with latitude and depth.

Temperature is the most extensively determined variable of the oceans because it is easily measured and has an important influence on marine life. Like salinity, ocean water temperatures vary from the equator to poles and also changes with depth. Temperature, like salinity, also affects the density of seawater. Lower temperatures result in higher densities. The density of seawater is more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than salinity.
 
Part B: Salinity and Temperature Experiments

Lab Materials:
Clear glass drinking cup, small container such as a shot glass, measuring spoons, blue food coloring, salt, spoon to stir, typing paper.

Salinity Experiment
1. Begin by gathering the materials listed above.
2. Fill the glass to within 1 cm of the top with cold tap water. In the shot glass, combine ¼ teaspoon of salt, 1 tablespoon of cold water and one drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Slowly pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water and observe what happens to the salt water as it is introduced to pure water. It may help to hold a piece of white paper behind the glass to make observations.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Temperature Experiment
1. Fill the glass to within 1 cm from the top with cold tap water (you may even want to put in some ice to drop the temperature; if you do, remove the ice before running the experiment).
2. In the shot glass combine 1 tablespoon of HOT tap water with 1 drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Carefully pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water slowly and observe what happens when hot water is introduced to cold water.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Write a brief summary of the results of your salinity-density and temperature -density experiments, then proceed to the questions below.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part C: Interpreting Salinity and Temperature Data

Answer the questions below using what you have learned so far in the lab combined with information from the tables and graphs that you will construct

1. Construct two salinity curves, one for the Atlantic and one for the Pacific. Use a different colored pencil for each. Use your graph to answer questions 2 through 5.

Ocean Surface Water Salinity in Parts per Thousand (0/00) at Various Latitudes in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Latitude Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean
60oN 33.0 31.0
50 oN 33.7 32.5
40 oN 34.8 33.2
30 oN 36.7 34.2
20 oN 36.8 34.2
10 oN 36.0 34.4
0 35.0 34.3
10 oS 35.9 35.2
20 oS 36.7 35.6
30 oS 36.2 35.7
40 oS 35.3 35.0
50 oS 34.3 34.4
60 oS 33.9 34.0

2. At which latitudes are the highest surface salinities located?

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Of the two oceans, which ocean has the higher average surface salinities?

___________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the two main factors that control the concentration of salts in seawater?

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the cause of the difference in surface water salinity between equatorial and subtropical regions in the Atlantic Ocean?

___________________________________________________________________________
6. The graph on this page shows how ocean water salinity varies with depth at different latitudes. Use the graph and your reading to answer questions 7, 8 and 9.

7. In general, salinity will _____________ (increase, decrease) with depth in the equatorial and tropical regions and will ____________ (increase, decrease) with depth at high latitudes.

8. Why are surface salinities higher than deepwater salinities in the Tropics?
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________

9. The halocline is a layer of ocean water where there is a rapid change in salinity with depth (i.e., as you go deeper). The halocline is the equivalent of the transition zone on this graph. Label the halocline.

Paper details:
Deep-Ocean Circulation Lab Activity

In this activity, you will experiment with the salinity and temperature of water to observe the effect they have on water density

Part A: Introduction

Before completing the lab, please read over Chapter 15 of the textbook.

Ocean circulation has two primary components: surface ocean currents and deep-ocean circulation. While surface currents such as the famous Gulf Stream are driven primarily by the prevailing winds, deep-ocean circulation is largely the result of differences in ocean water density (the ratio of mass to volume). A density current is the movement of one body of water over, under or through another caused by density differences and gravity. High-density seawater sinks below low-density seawater.

The most important factors in creating these density differences are variations in salinity and temperature. High-salinity water is more dense than lower-salinity water. Cold water is more dense than warm water.

Salinity is the amount of dissolved solid material in water, expressed as parts per thousand parts of water. The symbol for parts per thousand is 0/00. Although there are many dissolved salts in seawater, sodium chloride (table salt) is the most abundant.

The main control of the salinity of seawater is the removal or addition of fresh water. When water is removed, such as by evaporation or freezing, any dissolved salts are left behind and the salinity of the remaining water is increased. Alternatively, when fresh water is added to seawater, the seawater is diluted and salinity is lowered. So:
• In regions where evaporation is high (very hot or dry areas) or where seawater freezes (at high latitudes), fresh water is removed, particularly near the surface of the ocean, and salinity is increased.
• In areas of high precipitation or influx of fresh water (such as near the mouth of a river), the additional fresh water dilutes seawater and lowers the salinity.

The factors that determine the concentration of salts in seawater are not constant from the equator to the poles, or with depth in the ocean, so the salinity of seawater also varies with latitude and depth.

Temperature is the most extensively determined variable of the oceans because it is easily measured and has an important influence on marine life. Like salinity, ocean water temperatures vary from the equator to poles and also changes with depth. Temperature, like salinity, also affects the density of seawater. Lower temperatures result in higher densities. The density of seawater is more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than salinity.
 
Part B: Salinity and Temperature Experiments

Lab Materials:
Clear glass drinking cup, small container such as a shot glass, measuring spoons, blue food coloring, salt, spoon to stir, typing paper.

Salinity Experiment
1. Begin by gathering the materials listed above.
2. Fill the glass to within 1 cm of the top with cold tap water. In the shot glass, combine ¼ teaspoon of salt, 1 tablespoon of cold water and one drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Slowly pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water and observe what happens to the salt water as it is introduced to pure water. It may help to hold a piece of white paper behind the glass to make observations.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Temperature Experiment
1. Fill the glass to within 1 cm from the top with cold tap water (you may even want to put in some ice to drop the temperature; if you do, remove the ice before running the experiment).
2. In the shot glass combine 1 tablespoon of HOT tap water with 1 drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Carefully pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water slowly and observe what happens when hot water is introduced to cold water.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Write a brief summary of the results of your salinity-density and temperature -density experiments, then proceed to the questions below.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part C: Interpreting Salinity and Temperature Data

Answer the questions below using what you have learned so far in the lab combined with information from the tables and graphs that you will construct

1. Construct two salinity curves, one for the Atlantic and one for the Pacific. Use a different colored pencil for each. Use your graph to answer questions 2 through 5.

Ocean Surface Water Salinity in Parts per Thousand (0/00) at Various Latitudes in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Latitude Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean
60oN 33.0 31.0
50 oN 33.7 32.5
40 oN 34.8 33.2
30 oN 36.7 34.2
20 oN 36.8 34.2
10 oN 36.0 34.4
0 35.0 34.3
10 oS 35.9 35.2
20 oS 36.7 35.6
30 oS 36.2 35.7
40 oS 35.3 35.0
50 oS 34.3 34.4
60 oS 33.9 34.0

2. At which latitudes are the highest surface salinities located?

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Of the two oceans, which ocean has the higher average surface salinities?

___________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the two main factors that control the concentration of salts in seawater?

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the cause of the difference in surface water salinity between equatorial and subtropical regions in the Atlantic Ocean?

___________________________________________________________________________
6. The graph on this page shows how ocean water salinity varies with depth at different latitudes. Use the graph and your reading to answer questions 7, 8 and 9.

7. In general, salinity will _____________ (increase, decrease) with depth in the equatorial and tropical regions and will ____________ (increase, decrease) with depth at high latitudes.

8. Why are surface salinities higher than deepwater salinities in the Tropics?
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________

9. The halocline is a layer of ocean water where there is a rapid change in salinity with depth (i.e., as you go deeper). The halocline is the equivalent of the transition zone on this graph. Label the halocline.

ls:
Deep-Ocean Circulation Lab Activity

In this activity, you will experiment with the salinity and temperature of water to observe the effect they have on water density

Part A: Introduction

Before completing the lab, please read over Chapter 15 of the textbook.

Ocean circulation has two primary components: surface ocean currents and deep-ocean circulation. While surface currents such as the famous Gulf Stream are driven primarily by the prevailing winds, deep-ocean circulation is largely the result of differences in ocean water density (the ratio of mass to volume). A density current is the movement of one body of water over, under or through another caused by density differences and gravity. High-density seawater sinks below low-density seawater.

The most important factors in creating these density differences are variations in salinity and temperature. High-salinity water is more dense than lower-salinity water. Cold water is more dense than warm water.

Salinity is the amount of dissolved solid material in water, expressed as parts per thousand parts of water. The symbol for parts per thousand is 0/00. Although there are many dissolved salts in seawater, sodium chloride (table salt) is the most abundant.

The main control of the salinity of seawater is the removal or addition of fresh water. When water is removed, such as by evaporation or freezing, any dissolved salts are left behind and the salinity of the remaining water is increased. Alternatively, when fresh water is added to seawater, the seawater is diluted and salinity is lowered. So:
• In regions where evaporation is high (very hot or dry areas) or where seawater freezes (at high latitudes), fresh water is removed, particularly near the surface of the ocean, and salinity is increased.
• In areas of high precipitation or influx of fresh water (such as near the mouth of a river), the additional fresh water dilutes seawater and lowers the salinity.

The factors that determine the concentration of salts in seawater are not constant from the equator to the poles, or with depth in the ocean, so the salinity of seawater also varies with latitude and depth.

Temperature is the most extensively determined variable of the oceans because it is easily measured and has an important influence on marine life. Like salinity, ocean water temperatures vary from the equator to poles and also changes with depth. Temperature, like salinity, also affects the density of seawater. Lower temperatures result in higher densities. The density of seawater is more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than salinity.
 
Part B: Salinity and Temperature Experiments

Lab Materials:
Clear glass drinking cup, small container such as a shot glass, measuring spoons, blue food coloring, salt, spoon to stir, typing paper.

Salinity Experiment
1. Begin by gathering the materials listed above.
2. Fill the glass to within 1 cm of the top with cold tap water. In the shot glass, combine ¼ teaspoon of salt, 1 tablespoon of cold water and one drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Slowly pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water and observe what happens to the salt water as it is introduced to pure water. It may help to hold a piece of white paper behind the glass to make observations.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Temperature Experiment
1. Fill the glass to within 1 cm from the top with cold tap water (you may even want to put in some ice to drop the temperature; if you do, remove the ice before running the experiment).
2. In the shot glass combine 1 tablespoon of HOT tap water with 1 drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Carefully pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water slowly and observe what happens when hot water is introduced to cold water.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Write a brief summary of the results of your salinity-density and temperature -density experiments, then proceed to the questions below.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part C: Interpreting Salinity and Temperature Data

Answer the questions below using what you have learned so far in the lab combined with information from the tables and graphs that you will construct

1. Construct two salinity curves, one for the Atlantic and one for the Pacific. Use a different colored pencil for each. Use your graph to answer questions 2 through 5.

Ocean Surface Water Salinity in Parts per Thousand (0/00) at Various Latitudes in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Latitude Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean
60oN 33.0 31.0
50 oN 33.7 32.5
40 oN 34.8 33.2
30 oN 36.7 34.2
20 oN 36.8 34.2
10 oN 36.0 34.4
0 35.0 34.3
10 oS 35.9 35.2
20 oS 36.7 35.6
30 oS 36.2 35.7
40 oS 35.3 35.0
50 oS 34.3 34.4
60 oS 33.9 34.0

2. At which latitudes are the highest surface salinities located?

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Of the two oceans, which ocean has the higher average surface salinities?

___________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the two main factors that control the concentration of salts in seawater?

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the cause of the difference in surface water salinity between equatorial and subtropical regions in the Atlantic Ocean?

___________________________________________________________________________
6. The graph on this page shows how ocean water salinity varies with depth at different latitudes. Use the graph and your reading to answer questions 7, 8 and 9.

7. In general, salinity will _____________ (increase, decrease) with depth in the equatorial and tropical regions and will ____________ (increase, decrease) with depth at high latitudes.

8. Why are surface salinities higher than deepwater salinities in the Tropics?
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________

9. The halocline is a layer of ocean water where there is a rapid change in salinity with depth (i.e., as you go deeper). The halocline is the equivalent of the transition zone on this graph. Label the halocline.

s:
Deep-Ocean Circulation Lab Activity

In this activity, you will experiment with the salinity and temperature of water to observe the effect they have on water density

Part A: Introduction

Before completing the lab, please read over Chapter 15 of the textbook.

Ocean circulation has two primary components: surface ocean currents and deep-ocean circulation. While surface currents such as the famous Gulf Stream are driven primarily by the prevailing winds, deep-ocean circulation is largely the result of differences in ocean water density (the ratio of mass to volume). A density current is the movement of one body of water over, under or through another caused by density differences and gravity. High-density seawater sinks below low-density seawater.

The most important factors in creating these density differences are variations in salinity and temperature. High-salinity water is more dense than lower-salinity water. Cold water is more dense than warm water.

Salinity is the amount of dissolved solid material in water, expressed as parts per thousand parts of water. The symbol for parts per thousand is 0/00. Although there are many dissolved salts in seawater, sodium chloride (table salt) is the most abundant.

The main control of the salinity of seawater is the removal or addition of fresh water. When water is removed, such as by evaporation or freezing, any dissolved salts are left behind and the salinity of the remaining water is increased. Alternatively, when fresh water is added to seawater, the seawater is diluted and salinity is lowered. So:
• In regions where evaporation is high (very hot or dry areas) or where seawater freezes (at high latitudes), fresh water is removed, particularly near the surface of the ocean, and salinity is increased.
• In areas of high precipitation or influx of fresh water (such as near the mouth of a river), the additional fresh water dilutes seawater and lowers the salinity.

The factors that determine the concentration of salts in seawater are not constant from the equator to the poles, or with depth in the ocean, so the salinity of seawater also varies with latitude and depth.

Temperature is the most extensively determined variable of the oceans because it is easily measured and has an important influence on marine life. Like salinity, ocean water temperatures vary from the equator to poles and also changes with depth. Temperature, like salinity, also affects the density of seawater. Lower temperatures result in higher densities. The density of seawater is more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than salinity.
 
Part B: Salinity and Temperature Experiments

Lab Materials:
Clear glass drinking cup, small container such as a shot glass, measuring spoons, blue food coloring, salt, spoon to stir, typing paper.

Salinity Experiment
1. Begin by gathering the materials listed above.
2. Fill the glass to within 1 cm of the top with cold tap water. In the shot glass, combine ¼ teaspoon of salt, 1 tablespoon of cold water and one drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Slowly pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water and observe what happens to the salt water as it is introduced to pure water. It may help to hold a piece of white paper behind the glass to make observations.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Temperature Experiment
1. Fill the glass to within 1 cm from the top with cold tap water (you may even want to put in some ice to drop the temperature; if you do, remove the ice before running the experiment).
2. In the shot glass combine 1 tablespoon of HOT tap water with 1 drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Carefully pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water slowly and observe what happens when hot water is introduced to cold water.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Write a brief summary of the results of your salinity-density and temperature -density experiments, then proceed to the questions below.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part C: Interpreting Salinity and Temperature Data

Answer the questions below using what you have learned so far in the lab combined with information from the tables and graphs that you will construct

1. Construct two salinity curves, one for the Atlantic and one for the Pacific. Use a different colored pencil for each. Use your graph to answer questions 2 through 5.

Ocean Surface Water Salinity in Parts per Thousand (0/00) at Various Latitudes in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Latitude Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean
60oN 33.0 31.0
50 oN 33.7 32.5
40 oN 34.8 33.2
30 oN 36.7 34.2
20 oN 36.8 34.2
10 oN 36.0 34.4
0 35.0 34.3
10 oS 35.9 35.2
20 oS 36.7 35.6
30 oS 36.2 35.7
40 oS 35.3 35.0
50 oS 34.3 34.4
60 oS 33.9 34.0

2. At which latitudes are the highest surface salinities located?

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Of the two oceans, which ocean has the higher average surface salinities?

___________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the two main factors that control the concentration of salts in seawater?

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the cause of the difference in surface water salinity between equatorial and subtropical regions in the Atlantic Ocean?

___________________________________________________________________________
6. The graph on this page shows how ocean water salinity varies with depth at different latitudes. Use the graph and your reading to answer questions 7, 8 and 9.

7. In general, salinity will _____________ (increase, decrease) with depth in the equatorial and tropical regions and will ____________ (increase, decrease) with depth at high latitudes.

8. Why are surface salinities higher than deepwater salinities in the Tropics?
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________

9. The halocline is a layer of ocean water where there is a rapid change in salinity with depth (i.e., as you go deeper). The halocline is the equivalent of the transition zone on this graph. Label the halocline.

Do you have someone that can do BIS Excel Course work? The book required for this would be:

Succeeding in Business with Microsoft Excel 2013: A Problem-Solving Approach (New Perspectives)Author: Debra Gross, Frank Akaiwa, Karleen Nordquist
3 Customer Product Reviews
ISBN-13: 9781285099149
ISBN: 1285099141
Edition: 1
Pub Date: 2013
Publisher: Cengage Learning

It requires Level 1, 2, and 3 course work for each week. I have attached one of the weekly coursework for your review to know what is required, you must know the assignments from the book. It would take place each week as assignment instructions are sent out. It is 8 weeks of work. If someone has this book it will be helpful, though I can scan copies. I will just need an overall quote for each week with the time frame of 48 to 72 hours.
Comments from Support Team: This is an example of week 1, the instructions do not come until each week. I have the sheets but no instructions as of yet. The book has instructions but may not be the same as what is required. I need a ballpark figure and an idea to know whether or not I should figure another alternative.
Fee: $12

:
Deep-Ocean Circulation Lab Activity

In this activity, you will experiment with the salinity and temperature of water to observe the effect they have on water density

Part A: Introduction

Before completing the lab, please read over Chapter 15 of the textbook.

Ocean circulation has two primary components: surface ocean currents and deep-ocean circulation. While surface currents such as the famous Gulf Stream are driven primarily by the prevailing winds, deep-ocean circulation is largely the result of differences in ocean water density (the ratio of mass to volume). A density current is the movement of one body of water over, under or through another caused by density differences and gravity. High-density seawater sinks below low-density seawater.

The most important factors in creating these density differences are variations in salinity and temperature. High-salinity water is more dense than lower-salinity water. Cold water is more dense than warm water.

Salinity is the amount of dissolved solid material in water, expressed as parts per thousand parts of water. The symbol for parts per thousand is 0/00. Although there are many dissolved salts in seawater, sodium chloride (table salt) is the most abundant.

The main control of the salinity of seawater is the removal or addition of fresh water. When water is removed, such as by evaporation or freezing, any dissolved salts are left behind and the salinity of the remaining water is increased. Alternatively, when fresh water is added to seawater, the seawater is diluted and salinity is lowered. So:
• In regions where evaporation is high (very hot or dry areas) or where seawater freezes (at high latitudes), fresh water is removed, particularly near the surface of the ocean, and salinity is increased.
• In areas of high precipitation or influx of fresh water (such as near the mouth of a river), the additional fresh water dilutes seawater and lowers the salinity.

The factors that determine the concentration of salts in seawater are not constant from the equator to the poles, or with depth in the ocean, so the salinity of seawater also varies with latitude and depth.

Temperature is the most extensively determined variable of the oceans because it is easily measured and has an important influence on marine life. Like salinity, ocean water temperatures vary from the equator to poles and also changes with depth. Temperature, like salinity, also affects the density of seawater. Lower temperatures result in higher densities. The density of seawater is more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than salinity.
 
Part B: Salinity and Temperature Experiments

Lab Materials:
Clear glass drinking cup, small container such as a shot glass, measuring spoons, blue food coloring, salt, spoon to stir, typing paper.

Salinity Experiment
1. Begin by gathering the materials listed above.
2. Fill the glass to within 1 cm of the top with cold tap water. In the shot glass, combine ¼ teaspoon of salt, 1 tablespoon of cold water and one drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Slowly pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water and observe what happens to the salt water as it is introduced to pure water. It may help to hold a piece of white paper behind the glass to make observations.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Temperature Experiment
1. Fill the glass to within 1 cm from the top with cold tap water (you may even want to put in some ice to drop the temperature; if you do, remove the ice before running the experiment).
2. In the shot glass combine 1 tablespoon of HOT tap water with 1 drop of food coloring and stir.
3. Carefully pour the contents of the shot glass down the side of the glass containing cold water slowly and observe what happens when hot water is introduced to cold water.
4. Clean all materials and run the experiment a second time.

Write a brief summary of the results of your salinity-density and temperature -density experiments, then proceed to the questions below.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part C: Interpreting Salinity and Temperature Data

Answer the questions below using what you have learned so far in the lab combined with information from the tables and graphs that you will construct

1. Construct two salinity curves, one for the Atlantic and one for the Pacific. Use a different colored pencil for each. Use your graph to answer questions 2 through 5.

Ocean Surface Water Salinity in Parts per Thousand (0/00) at Various Latitudes in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Latitude Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean
60oN 33.0 31.0
50 oN 33.7 32.5
40 oN 34.8 33.2
30 oN 36.7 34.2
20 oN 36.8 34.2
10 oN 36.0 34.4
0 35.0 34.3
10 oS 35.9 35.2
20 oS 36.7 35.6
30 oS 36.2 35.7
40 oS 35.3 35.0
50 oS 34.3 34.4
60 oS 33.9 34.0

2. At which latitudes are the highest surface salinities located?

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Of the two oceans, which ocean has the higher average surface salinities?

___________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the two main factors that control the concentration of salts in seawater?

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the cause of the difference in surface water salinity between equatorial and subtropical regions in the Atlantic Ocean?

___________________________________________________________________________
6. The graph on this page shows how ocean water salinity varies with depth at different latitudes. Use the graph and your reading to answer questions 7, 8 and 9.

7. In general, salinity will _____________ (increase, decrease) with depth in the equatorial and tropical regions and will ____________ (increase, decrease) with depth at high latitudes.

8. Why are surface salinities higher than deepwater salinities in the Tropics?
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________

9. The halocline is a layer of ocean water where there is a rapid change in salinity with depth (i.e., as you go deeper). The halocline is the equivalent of the transition zone on this graph. Label the halocline.

tails:
1a. formulating a problem

1b.making a related observation

2. develop a theory

3. formulate a hypothesis

4. experimentation

5. evaluation of results

For this assignment, you are to read the article by Gazzinga (found under ‘course content’) and FIND THE HYPOTHESES! The article is a summary of a group of experiments. Your job is to:

-identify the hypotheses for these experiments

-tell me where you found them (page, column and paragraph number)

-identify the variables in the experiment

-and describe the results of the experiment
Comments from Support Team:
Fee: $44

1a. formulating a problem

1b.making a related observation

2. develop a theory

3. formulate a hypothesis

4. experimentation

5. evaluation of results

For this assignment, you are to read the article by Gazzinga (found under ‘course content’) and FIND THE HYPOTHESES! The article is a summary of a group of experiments. Your job is to:

-identify the hypotheses for these experiments

-tell me where you found them (page, column and paragraph number)

-identify the variables in the experiment

-and describe the results of the experiment
Comments from Support Team: